The Healing Power of Jewish Collective Narratives and Rituals in the Aftermath of the October 7 Pogrom
Printed on Lukas Sünder's Soft Chapel catalogue, June of 2024
Rituals are structured chains of actions that reenact collective values and narratives, help people to understand the present by association with the past, and persuade them that they and their descendants have a shared future. Rituals reaffirm collective identities because they remind people of who they are, where they come from, and where they are headed to. There lies their magic. And magic is what it takes for us Jews to stay more or less sane after the Negev massacre.
The Negev Massacre: Pictures and Videos as Instruments of Psychological Torture
Much has been said about the crimes and cruelties perpetrated, filmed and photographed by Hamas, their associates and followers against the Negev communities and the Nova Festival dancers on October 7, including the claim that these guys “couldn’t be normal”. However, understandable as it might be as a result of the emotional and cultural shock produced by such a display of cruelty, that opinion misses the point because these perpetrators, like the ISIS militants that used to slit the throats of their prisoners on video, are normal. It’s just that they express a different kind of normality than the one we know: they are fundamentalist-normal. The Negev perpetrators are the kind of militants bred by the normality that existed in Gaza since 2005 under the Hamas dictatorship, where Disney-like characters indoctrinated kids on TV about the importance of killing Jews, terror command centers operated under hospitals, and public executions were part of the landscape.
The widespread distribution of videos and photographs of the massacre expressed that normality as well. Just as ISIS videos aimed to show the implacability of the Caliphate’s “warriors”, the gruesome images of the Negev massacre conveyed the message that although several Arab countries have normalized relations with Israel lately, there are still Muslims who instead of making peace with infidels are ready to cover the face of the Earth with their corpses. They were also expected to humiliate and demoralize Jews in Israel and the diaspora. To convince us that despite the existence of the State of Israel and its defense forces we can be slaughtered like in the times of Mohammad, the Middle Ages and during the Shoah. Like ISIS videos, these images were instruments of psychological torture, designed to convince today's Jews that we are doomed to perish like many of our ancestors, denied even a swift, painless death.
That warfare operation worked out for a while. First, shock and horror about the news. Then, anguish about relatives and friends, brothers and sisters who live in Israel. Finally, incessant scrolling on apps and websites, searching for known faces, compelled to watch these images again and again to make sure that you were not failing to recognize someone. And painful, gruesome testimonies, descriptions, reports, all around. During several weeks after the massacre the world looked like an unknown, surreal place marked by the incessant repetition of October 7. A huge post apocalyptic landscape none of us could escape from. Mental health problems and requests for medication skyrocketed in Israel. We lack statistics about the diaspora but know that it was tough. In my case, sleep patterns went out of control: I woke up in the morning or in the middle of the night thinking about the massacre, these images and accounts, worrying about my friends who would be called to duty, imagining the destruction and suffering a war would cause to innocent Gazan civilians. I couldn’t focus at work, felt unsafe in public, shut down social life, with my emotions and attention permanently drifting out of control. And I was not the only nor the most miserable one in my environment these days. People went around with drawn faces, some wearing black, we spoke softly, almost whispering, and sometimes hugged and cried, or cried alone in the middle of religious services and memorials. I have never experienced anything closer to individual and collective madness.
The Healing Power of Collective Memory and Rituals
One of my favorite Torah passages describes a situation in which Moshe and the Israelites reach the seashore while trying to leave Egypt. Pharaoh’s army approaches and the Israelites start lamenting their imminent death. Moshe tells them: “Fear not. Stand firm and see the deliverance the Lord will bring you today. The Egyptians you see today, you will never see again. The Lord will fight for you. You stay silent”. G-d’s answer is: “Why are you crying out to me? Tell the children of Israel to go forward! Raise your staff, stretch out your hand over the sea and divide it, and the Israelites will walk through the sea on dry land” (Exodus, 14: 13-17). The story teaches that for the Jewish people actions, not silence or just prayers, are the response to crisis. That deliverance comes through teamwork with G-d, who is a parent, a king, a team buddy, a spouse, and a commander on the battlefield. Together we are invincible because we know each other well, and each one of us knows how to play his part of the game.
Look anywhere in Jewish history and you will see this team in action. Take for instance the story of Queen Esther, the delicate woman suddenly confronted with the news of the genocide prepared by Haman against the Jews of Persia. She trusted in G-d without even mentioning Him, conquered her fear, confronted Haman in front of King Ahasuerus, and saved her people, giving place to the festival of Purim. Or consider the “Plum Fast” (“Zwetschgen Taanit”) celebrated by the Jews of Bamberg until the Shoah to commemorate the miraculous salvation of the community in 1699, when a single Jew stopped a pogrom by throwing to the mob the only thing he had at hand: plums.
In the same way, we and many non-Jews have been doing our part lately, confident that even when G-d’s intervention remains unseen like in the Purim story, our team rocks. During the massacre, people defended their communities, supported each other, and rescued survivors. Hamid Abu Ar’ara, a Muslim worker who survived an attack that killed his wife Fatima, hid with their surviving baby and, having learnt of the terrorists’ plans, informed Israeli soldiers and saved their lives. Yaffa Adar, an 85 year-old Shoah survivor from kibbutz Nir Oz, appeared on videos enduring her kidnaping with a smile on her face. Some people assumed she was senile, but after her liberation 49 days later, she explained that she was making a point: “They threw me in a car, people all around, a crowd of people spitting, shouting. It wasn’t pleasant. As I sat there I said to myself: ‘I won’t let them break me. I want my children to be proud of me’”. 65 year-old Rachel Edri from Ofakim spent seventeen hours in her home, kidnapped with her husband by five terrorists. She fed them, nursed their wounds, and sung and talked with them until a police unit integrated by her son could rescue them. The list is enormous and will probably never be fully known.
After the massacre, we haven’t stopped moving in Israel and abroad. Jews and non-Jews have worked incessantly supporting survivors, preparing the bodies of victims for dignified burial as a way to counter Hamas’s attempt to dehumanize them, collecting money and goods, putting up posters with the faces and names of hostages, translating or distributing informative videos, organizing memorials, trying to reach the liberation of all hostages, demonstrating, praying, and so on. We know that these actions alone won’t bring back the hostages, eliminate the existential threat posed by Hamas and its associates, nor heal our wounds. But we also know that, as taught by Rabbi Tarfon, a sage who lived nearby modern-day Tel Aviv two thousand years ago, “it is not our duty to finish the work, but neither are we at liberty to neglect it” (Ethics of the Fathers, 2: 16). These actions and our rituals, which are just another form of collective action, have helped us to remain more or less sane in these past months.
Given that nothing has been left untouched by the October 7 pogrom, rituals have experienced some changes that are helping us to cope with the massacre, the war, and the fact that by mid-April (2024), around 130 hostages are still being held in Gaza. The Acheinu (“Our Brothers”) prayer for the liberation of captive Jews, recited a couple of days a week since the ninth century, is more frequent nowadays:
Our brothers, our sisters, the entire family of Israel, all who have been squeezed by distress or taken into captivity, whether on the sea or on dry land, may the Ever-present One have mercy upon them and bring them out from suffering to relief, from darkness to light, from subjugation to redemption, now, speedily, and soon, and let us say, Amen.
These days, people say it in normal and extraordinary religious services; soldiers sing it at the front, it resonates in our heads like a mantra. Some congregations have made their own changes, like displaying pictures of the hostages in their synagogues, or introducing Hatikvah (“The Hope”) into the liturgy. The song, adopted as anthem of the Zionist movement in the early 20th century and as national anthem of the State of Israel in 1948, tells about the Jewish people’s unyielding hope for freedom in its ancestral land and Jerusalem:
As long as in his heart within, / a Jewish soul still yearns, / and onwards towards the ends of the east, / his eye still looks towards Zion, / our hope is not yet lost, / the hope of two thousand years, / to be a free nation in our own land, / the land of Zion and Jerusalem.
However, the most powerful change hasn’t occurred in the rituals themselves but in how we perceive their historical and spiritual meaning. Until October 7, the rituals that retell ancient episodes of Jewish survival and deliverance on festivals like Pesach, Hanukkah, or Purim, held a profound spiritual but somehow abstract historical meaning for those of us who were born in Western democracies after the Shoah. The massacre and the global upsurge of antisemitic violence that has followed at schools, universities, workplaces, in the media and on the streets, in our neighborhoods and social circles, have changed the meaning of these stories and rituals for our generation. Paradoxically, this new massive wave of antisemitism has ended up being a creative force. The pogrom in which Hamas and its mob cowardly assaulted babies, children and elderly people like the biblical Amalekites did to the Israelites in the desert, the antisemitic attacks by Hamas supporters around the world, the harassment by fellow students and coworkers, the people who have called us, called me, “genocide supporter”, “baby killer”, “animal” or “devil’s worshipper”. All that has made us stronger and prouder because as painful and outrageous as these experiences are, they show that despite political and technological progress, we, modern Jews, share the fate and challenges of our faithful, stiff-necked, G-d-blessed ancestors.
It seems like a historical extravaganza that a small ethnic group like ours has attracted so much hatred and violence from idiots of all possible ideologies and ethnicities across the centuries. Yet, more remarkable is that we are still here and thriving despite so many centuries of persecutions and massacres. We will continue defending our right to exist wherever we are, and to self-govern and live peacefully along others in the Land of Israel. And even if we were kicked out again at a certain point, we would be back no matter if it took another two millennia. We will struggle and succeed as we have done it during thousands of years: one action, ritual and generation at a time. These new and at the same time old understanding has imbued our ancient rituals with additional meaning since late 2023, forging a beautiful, powerful connection between our past, present, and future. Last December, we lit up the Hanukkah candles during nine nights to celebrate the Jewish victory over Greek oppression more than two thousand years ago. We did it with a particular joy because that Hanukkah was, like probably a few to come, associated to our resistance against those who are trying to destroy us right now. On Pesach we will celebrate our liberation from Egyptian slavery and the beginning of our existence as a free, stiff-necked, nation. We will do it with a heavy heart for those killed, fallen or held in captivity, and for the innocent Gazan civilians who are enduring unimaginable suffering during the current war. We will celebrate with incomplete happiness that no matter how many centuries might pass, our stubbornness will always be matched by the signs, wonders and deliverances brought by the One who took us out of Egypt. We will reflect again on the fact that G-d’s help is everywhere, sometimes visible like in the Exodus, sometimes invisible like in the Purim story. That is our infallible method: to stay strong one action at the time, to celebrate our deliverances remembering those fallen and missing, and to move forward for the sake of the new generations.
Last year Hamas and his mob attacked the Negev communities on the day of Simchat Torah, when we celebrate how wonderful it is to have received the Torah right after having been liberated from Egypt. That day, they actualized the antisemitic fantasy of turning our joy into sorrow. But this year there will be joy and dancing in the Negev on Simchat Torah again. There and everywhere in the world, Jews will celebrate once more the honor of having received the most beautiful of all books, with its rules and teachings, promises and deliverances. We will dance again holding, embracing our Torah scrolls and passing them to each other as we have passed Torah Herself from generation to generation through the millennia. We will do all that and much more because despite all the pain and sorrow we have endured and will probably endure some day again, the Jewish people is and will remain alive. As we say in Hebrew: Am Israel Chai!